Special Issue: "State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Germany" - Sensors Journal

Managing Editor:
Mr. Matthias Burkhalter
MDPI Center Sensors Office
Kandererstrasse 25
CH-4057 Basel / Switzerland
Tel +41 61 683 7734, Fax +41 61 302 8918
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; http://www.mdpi.org/sensors

Supervisor of this special issue:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Moos
Functional Materials Laboratory
University of Bayreuth
D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.lff.uni-bayreuth.de/FunctionalMaterials/professormoos.html

Related conference: EUROSENSORS 2008 - 7 - 10 September 2008 - Dresden, Germany

Deadline for Paper Submission: 31 March 2009

Submitted Papers under Review

Detlef Ehlert *, Rolf Adamek and Hans-Juergen Horn
Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam; E-Mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +493315699410; Fax: +495699849
Received: 29 August 2008; in revised form: / Accepted:  / Published:
Article: Vehicle Based Distance Measurement with a Laser for Far Ranges and Filigree Objects
Sensors 2008, 8,  (PDF format,  K) DOI: 10.3390/s80 - sensors-Germany-97-01-Ehlert-de

Title: Membrane Based Measurement Technology for In Situ Monitoring of Gases in Soil
Authors: Detlef Lazik*, Sebastian Ebert, Martin Leutholdt, Jens Hagenau and Helmut Geistlinger
UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, T.-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
E-Mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-345-558-5209; Fax: +49-345-558-5559
Abstract: The representative measurement of gas concentration and fluxes in heterogeneous soils is one of the current challenges when analysing the interactions of biogeochemical processes in soils and global change. Furthermore, recent research projects on CO2-sequestration have an urgent need of CO2-monitoring networks. Therefore, a measurement method based on selective permeation of gases through tubular membranes has been developed. Combining the element-specific diffusion rates for a membrane set and Dalton’s principle, the gas concentration (or partial pressure) can be determined by the measurement of physical quantities (pressure or volume) only. Due to the comparatively small diffusion constants of the used membranes, the influence of the sensor on its surrounding can be neglected. The design of the sensor membranes can be adapted to the spatial scale from the bench scale to the field scale. The sensitive area for the measurement can be optimized to obtain representative results. Furthermore, a continuous time-averaged measurement is possible where the time for averaging corresponds simply to the wall-thickness of the membrane used. The low-cost measuring method is demonstrated for continuous monitoring of O2 and CO2 inside of a sand filled Lysimeter. Using three monitoring planes which were installed normal to the gas flow direction and a reference measurement system, we demonstrate the accuracy of the in situ gas-detection for different flux-based boundary conditions.
Keywords: Green house gases, CO2-sequestration, Gas, Monitoring, Membrane, Perm-selectivity

Planned Papers

Title: Ultrasensitive Magnetic Sensors based on anisotropic Magneto-elastic Properties of Electroplated wires
Authors: A.G. Mu�oz
Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Centre Berlin for Materials and EnergyGlienicker Stra�e 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
Abstract: The electroplating of soft magnetic alloys on non-magnetic microwires was intensively studied in the last years due to its capacity of generating meta-stable coatings with a high level of anisotropy of the film permeability. This property is exploited in the construction of very sensitive detectors of low magnetic fields by means of changes up to 1000 % of the wire impedance, which surpass the performance of magnetic wires obtained by physical methods. The numerous factors influencing the final magnetic anisotropy such as alloy composition, deposition current and the presence of a magnetic field during electroplating allow tuning the final magnetoelastic response, which is evaluated by means of the giant magneto impedance response (GMI) and the Procopiu effect. In this work a state-of-the-art of the advances made in this field is presented, pointing out the recent progress made by electrodeposition of Permalloy and NiFeMo alloys. Different models and theories commonly used for explaining the origin of the high circular anisotropy during the electrochemical wire coating are discussed as a guide for future improvements.    

Title: Magneto-optical Relaxation Measurements of Functionalized Nanoparticles as a Novel Biosensor
Authors: Konstanze Aurich, Gunnar Gl�ckl, Stefan Nagel and Werner Weitschies
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Title: Development of 3D Force Sensors for Static and Dynamic Measurements
Authors: Arti Tibrewala, Anurak Phataralaoha and Stephanus B�ttgenbach
Institute for Microtechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
Abstract: In this contribution, we report different miniaturized bulk micro machined three-axes piezoresistive force sensors for static and dynamic measurements. The force sensors consists of different membrane designs such as one boss full/cross, five boss full/cross and L-shape membranes. All designs have 16 conventional two terminal p-type diffused piezoresistors on the surface of the membrane. The die size of 6.5 mm x 6.5 mm is kept constant for all the designs, whereas the membrane size is varied. Sensitivities in x, y and z directions are measured. Simulated and measured stiffness ratio in horizontal to vertical direction are measured for each design. Minimum and maximum deflection and resonance frequency is measured for all designs.

Tentative Title: The Micro-Pillar Shear-Stress Sensor MPS³
Authors: Sebastian Grosse* und Wolfgang Schr�der 
Chair of Fluid Mechanics and Institute of Aerodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, W�llnerstra�e 5a, D-52062 Aachen/Germany; Tel. ++49-(0)241-80-90420; 
Fax: ++49-(0)241-80-92257; E-mail: [email protected]; Internet: www.aia.rwth-aachen.de

Related papers published in 2007 and 2008


Monika Turek ^1,2, Lothar Ketterer ³, Melanie Cla�en ⁴, Heinz K. Berndt ⁴, Gereon Elbers ⁴,
Peter Kr�ger ⁵, Michael Keusgen ³ and Michael J. Sch�ning ^1,2,*
1 Aachen University of Applied Sciences, J�lich Campus, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Ginsterweg 1, 52428 J�lich, Germany;
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected].
² Research Centre J�lich, Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN-2), 52428 J�lich, Germany;
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected].
³ Philipps-University Marburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected].
⁴ Aachen University of Applied Sciences, J�lich Campus, Ginsterweg 1, 52428 J�lich,Germany;
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].
⁵ ALA Analytical Laboratory GmbH, Charlottenstra�e 14, 52070 Aachen, Germany; E-mail: [email protected].
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]
Received: 16 July 2007 / Accepted: 3 August 2007 / Published: 3 August 2007
Full Paper: Development and Electrochemical Investigations of an EIS- (Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor) based Biosensor for Cyanide Detection
Sensors 2007, 7, 1415-1426 (PDF format, 509 K)


Benjamin Barlen ^1,#, Saikat Datta Mazumdar ^1,#, Olga Lezrich ¹, Peter K�mpfer ² and Michael Keusgen ^1,*
1 Institut f�r Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universit�t Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
² Institut f�r Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universit�t Gie�en, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Gie�en, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected].
# These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 26 June 2007 / Accepted: 3 August 2007 / Published: 7 August 2007 
Full Paper: Detection of Salmonella by Surface Plasmon Resonance
Sensors 2007, 7, 1427-1446 (PDF format, 1310 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Optical Biosensors” Edited by Luigi Zeni)


Kathy Sahner ^1,*, Perena Gouma ² and Ralf Moos ^1
1 Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit�tsstr. 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]
^2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 9 August 2007 / Accepted: 5 September 2007 / Published: 7 September 2007
Full Paper: Electrodeposited and Sol-gel Precipitated p-type SrTi_1-xFe_xO_3-δ Semiconductors for Gas Sensing
Sensors 2007, 7, 1871-1886 (PDF format, 360 K)


Natascha Oppelt  * and Wolfram Mauser
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit�t M�nchen, Dept. for Geography, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich,  Germany. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 31 July 2007 / Accepted: 13 September 2007 / Published: 14 September 2007
Full Research Paper: The Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer AVIS: Design, Characterization and Calibration
Sensors 2007, 7, 1934-1953 (PDF format, 6070 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Remote Sensing of Natural Resources and the Environment (Remote Sensing Sensors)” Edited by Assefa M. Melesse)


Kai Marxen ^1,*, Klaus Heinrich Vanselow ¹, Sebastian Lippemeier ², Ralf Hintze ², Andreas Ruser ¹ and Ulf-Peter Hansen ^3
1 Forschungs- und Technologiezentrum Westk�ste der Universit�t Kiel, Hafent�rn 1, 25761 B�sum, Germany
² BlueBioTech GmbH, Hafent�rn 1, 25761 B�sum, Germany
³ Zentrum f�r Biochemie und Molekularbiologie der Universit�t Kiel, Leibnizstra�e 11, 24098 Kiel, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +49-4834-604-220; Fax: +49-4834-604-299; E-mail: [email protected].
Received: 20 June 2007 / Accepted: 1 October 2007 / Published: 3 October 2007 
Full Paper: Determination of DPPH Radical Oxidation Caused by Methanolic Extracts of Some Microalgal Species by Linear Regression Analysis of Spectrophotometric Measurements
Sensors 2007, 7, 2080-2095 (PDF format, 237 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Physiological Sensing” Edited by Marshall D. Porterfield) 


Marco Jose da Silva*, Tobias S�hnel, Eckhard Schleicher, Roman Vaibar, Dirk Lucas, and Uwe Hampel
Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Safety Research, PO Box 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 30 August 2007 / Accepted: 17 October 2007 / Published: 19 October 2007
Full Paper: Planar Array Sensor for High-speed Component Distribution Imaging in Fluid Flow Applications
Sensors 2007, 7, 2430-2445  (PDF format, 1160 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Intelligent Sensors” Edited by Wilmar Hernandez)


Michael Schuch, G. Alexander Gro� and J. Michael K�hler
Techn. Univ. Ilmenau, Institute for Micro and Nanotechnologies, Institute for Physics
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; J.M. K�hler, Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction Technology, PF 100565, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany, phone - (49) - 3677-693700, E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 9 October 2007 / Accepted: 22 October 2007 / Published:  30 October 2007
Full Research Paper: Formation and Fluorimetric Characterization of Micelles in a Micro-flow Through System with Static Micro Mixer
Sensors 2007, 7, 2499-2509 (PDF format, 232 K)


Gunter Hagen *, Anne Schulz, Matthias Kn�rr and Ralf Moos
Bayreuth Engine Research Center, Functional Materials Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-Mail: [email protected]
Received: 28 September 2007 / Accepted: 12 November 2007 / Published: 13 November 2007
Full Research Paper: Four-Wire Impedance Spectroscopy on Planar Zeolite/Chromium Oxide Based Hydrocarbon Gas Sensors
Sensors 2007, 7, 2681-2692 (PDF format, 653 K)


Marco Scheidle, Johannes Klinger and Jochen B�chs *
Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Sammelbau Biologie, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]. E-mail: [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 3 December 2007 / Accepted: 20 December 2007 / Published: 20 December 2007
Full Research Paper: Combination of On-line pH and Oxygen Transfer Rate Measurement in Shake Flasks by Fiber Optical Technique and Respiration Activity MOnitoring System (RAMOS)
Sensors 2007, 7, 3472-3480 (PDF format, 313 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “State-of-the-Art Polymer Based pH Sensors” Edited by Khalil Arshak and Olga Korostynska)


Marc Hennemeyer, Stefan Burghardt and Robert W. Stark *
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit�t M�nchen, Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
Web: http://www.nanobiomat.de; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 October 2007 / Accepted: 4 January 2008 / Published: 9 January 2008
Full Research Paper: Cantilever Micro-rheometer for the Characterization of Sugar Solutions
Sensors 2008, 8, 10-22 (PDF format, 3470 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Cantilever, Microcantilevers and Nanocantilever Sensors and Biosensors” Edited by M. Calleja and J. Tamayo) 


Lorenz J. Steinbock and Mark Helm *
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ([email protected])
Received: 31 October 2007 / Accepted: 2 January 2008 / Published: 9 January 2008
Full Research Paper: Wavelength Dependence of Photoinduced Microcantilever Bending in the UV-VIS Range
Sensors 2008, 8, 23-34 (PDF format, 239 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Cantilever, Microcantilevers and Nanocantilever Sensors and Biosensors” Edited by M. Calleja and J. Tamayo)  
 

Andreas Richter ^1,2,*, Georgi Paschew ^1,2, Stephan Klatt ^1,2, Jens Lienig ¹, Karl-Friedrich Arndt ² and Hans-J�rgen P. Adler ³
1 Technische Universit�t Dresden, Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design, 01062 Dresden, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
2 Technische Universit�t Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
3 Technische Universit�t Dresden, Macromolecular Chemistry and Textile Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 December 2007 / Accepted: 24 January 2008  / Published: 25 January 2008
Review: Review on Hydrogel-based pH Sensors and Microsensors
Sensors 2008, 8, 561-581 (PDF format, 776 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “State-of-the-Art Polymer Based pH Sensors” Edited by Khalil Arshak and Olga Korostynska)


Katrin Schmitt ¹, Kerstin Oehse ², Gerd Sulz ¹ and Christian Hoffmann ^2,*
1 Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques, Heidenhofstr. 8, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
2 Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel +49 3606 671 196, Fax +49 3606 671 200, E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 5 November 2007 / Accepted: 29 January 2008 / Published:  6 February 2008
Review: Evanescent field Sensors Based on Tantalum Pentoxide Waveguides – A Review
Sensors 2008, 8, 711-738 (PDF format, 1100 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Optical Biosensors” Edited by Luigi Zeni)


Sungbo Cho ^1,*, Marc Castellarnau ^2,3,*, Josep Samitier ^2,3 and Hagen Thielecke ¹
1 Biohybrid Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ensheimer Str. 48 66386 St. Ingbert Germany
2 Nanobioengineering Research Laboratory, Bioengineering Institute of Catalonia, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
3 Electronics Department, University of Barcelona, Mart� i Franqu�s 1, Planta 2 08028 Barcelona, Spain
* E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; contributed equally.
Received: 31 January 2008 / Accepted: 20 February 2008 / Published: 22 February 2008
Full Research Paper: Dependence of Impedance of Embedded Single Cells on Cellular Behaviour
Sensors 2008, 8, 1198-1211 (PDF format, 1400 K)
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Utilizing of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Edited by Ren� Kizek)


Sabine Achmann *, Martin H�mmerle  and Ralf Moos
Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit�tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tel. +49-(0)921-55-7412, Fax: +49-(0)921-55-7405. E-mail: [email protected].
Received: 28 December 2007 / Accepted: 25 February 2008 / Published: 27 February 2008
Full Paper: Amperometric Enzyme-based Gas Sensor for Formaldehyde: Impact of Possible Interferences
Sensors 2008, 8, 1351-1365 (PDF format, 491 K)


Yunsheng Wang *, Holger Weinacker and Barbara Koch
Dept. of Remote Sensing and Landscape Information Systems, University of Freiburg, Germany; E-mails: (yunsheng.wang, holger.weinacker, barbara.koch)@felis.uni-freiburg.de
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 January 2008; in revised form: 5 June 2008 / Accepted: 6 June 2008 / Published: 12 June 2008
Article: A Lidar Point Cloud Based Procedure for Vertical Canopy Structure Analysis And 3D Single Tree Modelling in Forest
Sensors 2008, 8, 3938-3951 (PDF format, 577 K) DOI: 10.3390/s8063938
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Remote Sensing of Natural Resources and the Environment (Remote Sensing Sensors)” Edited by Assefa M. Melesse)


Beate Strehlitz *, Nadia Nikolaus and Regina Stoltenburg
UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UBZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-341-235-1764; Fax: +49-341-235-451764
Received: 15 June 2008; in revised form: 7 July 2008 / Accepted: 21 July 2008 / Published: 23 July 2008
Review: Protein Detection with Aptamer Biosensors
Sensors 2008, 8, 4296-4307 (PDF format, 87 K) DOI: 10.3390/s8074296


Ali Darvishi Boloorani ^1,2,*, Stefan Erasmi ³ and Martin Kappas ⁴
1 Department of Cartography, GIS & RS, Institute of Geography, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany. Address: Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +49(0)551/39-14364; Fax: +49(0)551/39-8020
2 Ministry of Science Research and Technology of Iran (MSRTI), Bolvare Khordin, Shahrake Gharb, 14665-1513, Tehran, Iran
3,4 Department of Cartography, GIS & RS, Institute of Geography, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany. Address: Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; E-mail: (serasmi�, mkappas�)@uni-goettingen.de; Tel: +49(0)551/39-14364; Fax: +49(0)551/39-8020
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Received: 17 June 2008; in revised form: 20 July 2008 / Accepted: 25 July 2008 / Published: 29 July 2008
Article: Multi-Source Remotely Sensed Data Combination: Projection Transformation Gap-Fill Procedure
Sensors 2008, 8, 4429-4440 (PDF format, 1080 K) DOI: 10.3390/s8074429


Dirk Sander *, Zhen Tian and J�rgen Kirschner
Max-Planck-Institut f�r Mikrostrukturphysik,Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; E-mail: ([email protected]).
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 4 March 2008; in revised form: 16 May 2008 / Accepted: 16 May 2008 / Published: 29 July 2008
Article: Cantilever measurements of surface stress, surface reconstruction, film stress and magnetoelastic stress of monolayers
Sensors 2008, 8, 4466-4486 (PDF format,  K) DOI: 10.3390/s8074466
(This paper belongs to Special Issue: “Cantilever, Microcantilevers and Nanocantilever Sensors and Biosensors” Edited by M. Calleja and J. Tamayo) 

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Summary
The aim of this special issue is to provide a comprehensive view on the state-of-the-art sensors technology in Germany. Research articles are solicited which will provide a consolidated state-of-the-art in this area. The Special Issue will publish those full research, review and high rated manuscripts addressing the above topic.

Keywords
Biosensors, Chemical Sensors, Physical Sensors, Remote Sensing Sensors

Submission
Sensors (http://www.mdpi.org/sensors/) is a highly rated journal with a 1.573 impact factor in 2007 (1.373 2006).
Sensors is indexed and abstracted very quickly by Chemical Abstracts, Analytical Abstracts, Science Citation Index Expanded, Chemistry Citation Index, Scopus and Google Scholar.
All papers should be submitted to [email protected] with copy to [email protected]. To be published continuously until the deadline and papers will be listed together at http://www.mdpi.org/sensors/State-of-the-Art-Sensors-Technology-in-Germany.htm.
Please visit the instructions for authors at http://www.mdpi.org/sensors/publguid.htm before submitting a paper. Open Access publication fees are 1050 CHF per paper. English correction fees (250 CHF) will be added in certain cases (1300 CHF per paper for those papers that require extensive additional formatting and/or English corrections.)


MDPI - Matthias Burkhalter -  23 September 2008