Preparation and thermochemical properties of solid complexes of zinc amino acids Gao Shengli, Zhang Xiaoyu ,Yang Xuwu ,Ji Mian ,Chen Sanping ,Shi Qizhen(Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 , China) Received Nov. 1, 1999; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. (No.29871023) Abstract Six solid complexes of zinc with L-a-tryptophan, L-a-leucine, L-a-valine and L-a-threonine have been prepared. The constant volume combustion energies of the complexes, Dc,coorEq, have been determined by a precision rotating bomb calorimeter at 298.15K. The standard enthalpies of combustion, Dc,coorH, and standard enthalpies of formation, Df,coorHq, are calculated for these complexes. Keywords Zinc salts, L-a-amino acids, Combustion energy, Standard enthalpy of formation The complexes of zinc with L-a-amino acids as additives have been vastly applied in medicine, foodstuff and cosmetics[1-3]. The preparation methods for making zinc amino acids reported in literature are as follows: adjustment solution pH[4], treatment with organic solvent[1-5], adding organic weak acid[6], dry reaction[5] and electrolytic process[7]. Gao et al[8-9] have investigated the solubility properties of ZnCl2/ZnOAc2/ZnSO4-Met/His-H2O systems at 25°C in the whole concentration range by phase equilibrium method. The results indicate that some new complexes are formed in the systems. The standard enthalpies of combustion and standard enthalpies of formation of these new complexes have been reported in literature[10].In this paper, six solid complexes of zinc with L-a-tryptophan, L-a-leucine, L-a-valine and L-a-threonine are reported. The constant volume combustion energies of these complexes have been determined. The standard enthalpies of combustion, Dc,coorHq, and standard enthalpies of formation of these complexes,Df,coorHq, have been calculated. This work enriches the thermochemical database and provides a theoretical basis for further study on their properties and applications. 1. EXPERIMENTAL 1.1.Preparation and composition of the complexes The complexes ZnL2(L=Try, Leu, Val) are prepared according to the reported method. They are white powders, insoluble in water, alcohol and other organic solvents, but soluble in weak acid solution. According to the synthetic method of Zn(Met)SO4·H2O in the literature[5], the complexes with similar composition : Zn(Leu)SO4·H2O, Zn(Val)SO4·H2O and Zn(Thr)SO4·H2O, are prepared by adjusting the volume ratio of water and acetone from 1:30 to 1:5,1:10 and 1:3 at a longer stirring time. All of these complexes are white and easily hydroscopic powders, soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, acetone and other organic solvents. The elementary analysis results of the compositions of these complexes are summarized in Table 1. Zn2+ is determined complexometrically by EDTA. Amino acids are analyzed by the formalin method. Zn2+ is removed by precipitating with K2C2O4 before it is titrated. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analyses are carried out on a 1106 type [Italy] elemental analyzer. Table 1 Analytical results related to the composition of the complexesa (in %)
The constant volume combustion energy of a compound can be determined by the precision rotating bomb(RBC-type 1)[8]. The room temperature was regulated to 25±1°C, the temperature of outer casing water bath of the rotating bomb was controlled to 25.0000±0.0005°C,the water temperature in the caloritube was adjusted lower than that of the outer casing and certain amount of pure water was added to the caloritube. The sample was put into the crucible fixed onto the support in the rotating bomb but not fallen into the solution, the combustion wire was fixed in the bomb, the initial bomb solution was injected into the rotating bomb, 2533.125 kPa oxygen was filled after sealing the bomb and a constant rate of temperature change of the calorimeter was kept. The temperature was read every 30 seconds after the experiment began and recorded 10 times. At the eleventh time, the complex was ignited and the temperature read once every minute till the temperature changes at a constant rate. Then, the temperature was read once every 30 seconds and recorded 10 times. The final products of the combustion reaction are analyzed after the experiment. The energy equivalent of the RBC-type 1 calorimeter was calculated according to the following equation (1) where W is the energy equivalent of the RBC-type 1 calorimeter (in J·K-1),Q the combustion enthalpy of benzoic acid (in J·g-1), a the mass of the determined benzoic acid (in g),G the combustion enthalpy of Ni-Cr wire for ignition (0.9 J·cm-1),b the length of actual Ni-Cr wire consumed (in cm), 5.983 the formation enthalpy and solution enthalpy of nitric acid corresponding to 1 cm3 of 0.1000 mol·dm-3 solution of NaOH (in J·cm-3)and c the volume (in cm3) of consumed 0.1000 mol·dm-3 solution of NaOH and DT the correct value of the temperature rise. The correct value of the heat exchange was calculated by the following equation[11]
(2)
1.3 Analysis of the final products in oxygen-bomb 1.3.1 Analysis of the final gaseous products The gases formed in the combustion reaction are collected in a gas-collecting bag. The amount of gas is measured by a gasometer fixed between the bag and the gas determination instrument. The analytical principle and technique of carbon dioxide: The gaseous CO2 formed in the combustion reaction was absorbed through a weighed absorption pipe with alkali asbestos. The amount of CO2 could be determined through the weight increment of the pipe after it sucked up. The amount of CO2 dissolved in the final acidic solution is ignored. Each measurement has four absorption pipes connected with each other. The first one was filled with P4O10 and CaCl2 (anhydrous) to suck up the water vapor in the gas. The second was filled with active MnO2 in order to absorb the nitrogen oxides. The third was filled with alkali asbestos to absorb the CO2 for the measurement. The fourth was also filled with P4O10 and CaCl2 to absorb the water formed in the combustion reaction. The analytical principle and technique of sulfur dioxide: A steady complex dichloride sulphurous acid salt is formed when sulfur dioxide is absorbed by tetrachloromercurate(TCM). This complex reacts with formalin and pararosaniline, producing a purplish red complex. The amount of sulfur dioxide could be determined through TCM-Pararosaniline colorimetric analysis. The analytical principle and technique of nitrogen oxides (NOx): Azo dye was formed when the NO2 was sucked up by the absorption solution in the first pipe. NO does not react with the absorption solution but becomes NO2 when it went through an oxide pipe. NO2 was absorbed by the solution in the second flask. The amount of NO2 and NO could be determined by the absorbancy at wavelength between 540 and 545nm (Saltzman colorimetric analysis method). 1.3.2 Analysis of the final solution The fittings and the inside wall of the bomb were washed by quadratic distilled water. Then the bomb solution (including the washing solution) was transferred to a cone bottle completely and heated to boiling point to remove CO2. It was titrated to the final point of phenolphthalein using standard solution of NaOH to get the total amount of acids. After neutralization, this was cooled to the room temperature and transferred into a volumetric flask. If a compound contains chlorine, sulfur and nitrogen, the final bomb solution would contain HCl ( aq ), H2SO4 ( aq ) and HNO3 ( aq ). In analysis, the total amount of acids was measured first. The amount of H2SO4 can be obtained using the weight method of BaSO4. The amount of HNO3 can be determined by Devarda's alloy method. The amount of HCl in the solution was corrected with the difference value of the total amount of acids and the amount of HNO3 and H2SO4 in the solution. Then, the corrected heat of acid was obtained based on the results. 1.3.3 Analysis of final solid products Since the crucible in the rotating bomb was fixed onto the support, the final solid products were obtained inside it after the experiment. The final product was only ZnO proved by IR spectra and chemical analyses. The analytical results of the final products indicate that the combustion reactions were complete. Carbon deposits and carbon monoxide are not formed during the combustion reactions, and the amount of NOx in the final gas phase was insignificant. 2.RESULTS 2.1 Combustion Energy of Solid Sample of the Complexes The method for determining the combustion energy for the sample is the same as the calibration of the calorimeter with benzoic acid. The samples weight are adjusted to vacuum. The combustion energies of the samples were calculated according to the formula (3) where Dc,coorE(in J·g-1) denotes the constant volume combustion energy of the sample and a is the mass (in g) of the adjusted sample. The other symbols are the same as indicated in Eq.(1). The results of the calculations are given in Table 3. Table 3 The experimental results for the combustion energies of the samples
The standard combustion enthalpies of the complexes, Dc,coorHq, refer to the combustion enthalpy change of the following ideal combustion reactions at 298.15K and 101.325kPa Zn(Try)2(s)+O2(g)ZnO(s)+22CO2(g)+2N2(g)+12H2O(l) (4) Zn(Leu)2(s)+17O2(g)ZnO(s)+12CO2(g)+N2(g)+13H2O(l) (5) Zn(Val)2·H2O(s)+14O2(g)ZnO(s)+ 10CO2(g)+ N2(g)+ 11H2O(l) (6) Zn(Leu)SO4·H2O(s)+O2(g)ZnO(s)+6CO2(g)+SO2(g)+N2(g)+7H2O(l) (7) Zn(Val)SO4·H2O(s)+O2(g)ZnO(s)+5CO2(g)+SO2(g)+ N2(g)+H2O(l) (8) Zn(Thr)SO4·H2O(s)+O2(g)ZnO(s)+4CO2(g)+SO2(g)+N2(g)+H2O(l) (9) The standard combustion enthalpies of the complexes were calculated from the combustion energy by the equations Dc,coorHq=Dc,coorE+DnRT (10) Dn=ngas(products)-ngas(reactants) (11) where ngas is the total amount(in moles) of gas present as products or reactants, R=8.314 J·mol-1·K-1, T=298.15K.The results of the calculations are shown in Talbe 4. 2.3 Standard Enthalpies of Formation of the Complexes The standard enthalpies of formation of the complexes, Df,coorHq, were calculated by Hess's law according to the thermochemical equations a. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(Try)2 D f,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq+22 (g)Hq+12(l)Hq)-Dc,coor(s)Hq (12) b. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(Leu)2 D f,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq+12(g)Hq+13(l)Hq)-Dc,coor(s)Hq (13) c. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(Val)2·H2O Df,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq+10(g)Hq+11(g)Hq-Dc,coor(s)Hq (14) d. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(leu)SO4·H2O Df,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq+6(g)Hq)+(g)Hq+7(l)Hq-Dc,coor(s)Hq (15) e. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(Val)SO4·H2O Df,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq+5(g)Hq+ (g)Hq+(l)Hq)-Dc,coor(s)Hq (16) f. The standard enthalpy of formation of Zn(Thr)SO4·H2O Df,coor(s)Hq=(Df,ZnO(s)Hq +(g)Hq)+(g)Hq+(l)Hq)-Dc,coor(s)Hq (17) where Df,ZnO(s)Hq=-350.46±0.27kJ·mol-1, (g)Hq=-393.51±0.13 kJ·mol-1, (l)Hq=-285.83±0.042 kJ· mol-1 and (g)Hq=-296.81±0.20kJ· mol-1[12]. The results of the calculations are also shown in Table 4. Table 4 Combustion energy, standard combustion enthalpy and standard enthalpy of formation of the complexes (in kJ·mol-1)
3.
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