Serena Leone ¹, Alba Silipo ¹, Evgeny L.Nazarenko ², Rosa Lanzetta ¹, Michelangelo Parrilli ¹ and Antonio Molinaro ^1,*
1 Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
2 Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok-22, Russian Federation
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: molinaro@unina.it. Fax: +39-081-674393.
Received:  27 August 2007/ Accepted: 17 September 2007 / Published: 19 September 2007
Review: Molecular Structure of Endotoxins from Gram-negative Marine Bacteria: An Update
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 85-112 (PDF format 177 K)


Tom Turk ¹, Robert Frangež ² and Kristina Sepčić ^1,*
1 Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: tom.turk@bf.uni-lj.si
2 Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: robert.frangez@vf.uni-lj.si
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: kristina.sepcic@bf.uni-lj.si; Fax: +38612573390, Tel: +38614233388.
Received: 16 October 2007 / Accepted: 31 October 2007 / Published: 13 November 2007
Review: Mechanisms of Toxicity of 3-Alkylpyridinium Polymers from Marine Sponge Reniera sarai
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 157-167 (PDF format 79 K)
 

Michael J. Twiner ^1,*, Nils Rehmann ², Philipp Hess ² and Gregory J. Doucette ¹
1 Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA/National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston SC 29412, USA; E-mail: Mike.Twiner@noaa.gov ; E-mail: Greg.Doucette@noaa.gov
2 Biotoxin Chemistry, Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Ireland; E-mail: nils.rehmann@marine.ie; E-mail: philipp.hess@marine.ie
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Mike.Twiner@noaa.gov
Received: 30 November 2007; in revised form: 21 February 2008 / Accepted: 18 March 2008 / Published:
Review: Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning: A Review on the Chemistry, Ecology, and Toxicology with an Emphasis on Human Health Impacts
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 39-72 (PDF format 573K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080004
 

Beatriz Paz ^1,*, Antonio H. Daranas ^2,3, Manuel Norte ², Pilar Riobó ¹, José M. Franco ¹ and José J. Fernández ^2,*
1 Fitoplancton Tóxico, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36080 Vigo and Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO), Cabo Estay, 36200 Vigo, Spain. E-mails: beatriz.paz@vi.ieo.es (B. Paz); pilar.riobo@vi.ieo.es (P. Riobó); jose.franco@vi.ieo.es (J.M. Franco)
2 Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. E-mails: adaranas@ull.es (A. Daranas); mnorte@ull.es (M. Norte); jjfercas@ull.es (J.J. Fernández)
3 Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica; Universidad de La Laguna; Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +34986492111; Fax: +34986498626 (B. Paz) and Tel: +34922318586; Fax: +34922318571 (J.J. Fernández)
Received: 5 December 2007; in revised form: 27 February 2008 / Accepted: 5 March 2008 / Published: 7 May 2008
Review: Yessotoxins, a Group of Marine Polyether Toxins: an Overview
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 73-102 (PDF format 573K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080005


John P. Berry ^1,*, Miroslav Gantar ², Mario H. Perez ², Gerald Berry ² and Fernando G. Noriega ²
1 Marine Science Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; E-mails: gantarm@fiu.edu, noriegaf@fiu.edu
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: berryj@fiu.edu; Tel.: +1-305-919-4569; Fax: +1-305-919-4030.
Received: 27 February 2008; in revised form: 1 May 2008 / Accepted: 12 May 2008 / Published: 15 May 2008
Review: Cyanobacterial Toxins as Allelochemicals with Potential Applications as Algaecides, Herbicides and Insecticides
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 117-146 (PDF format 344K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080007
 

Manfred Klisch and Donat-P. Häder *
Department for Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
E-mails: mklisch@biologie.uni-erlangen.de; dphaeder@biologie.uni-erlangen.de
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 7 March 2008; in revised form: 9 May 2008 / Accepted: 13 May 2008 / Published: 22 May 2008
Review: Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids and Marine Toxins - The Common and the Different
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 147-163 (PDF format 255K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080008
 

Olga M. Pulido ^1,2
1 Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Dr., 2202D2, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A-0L2; E-Mail: Olga_Pulido@hc-sc.gc.ca
2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; http://www.medicine.uottawa.ca/path/pulido.html, http://www.iatpfellows.org/
Received: 4 December 2007; in revised form: 16 May 2008 / Accepted: 16 May 2008 / Published: 28 May 2008
Review: Domoic Acid Toxicologic Pathology: A Review
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 180-219 (PDF format 2662K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080010
 

Tamao Noguchi ^1,* and Osamu Arakawa ²
1 Tokyo Health Care University, 3-11-3, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8568, Japan
2 Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
E-mails: t-noguchi@thcu.ac.jp; arakawa@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 23 December 2007; in revised form: 24 March 2008 / Accepted: 8 April 2008 / Published: 28 May 2008
Review: Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 220-242 (PDF format 422K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080011


John S. Ramsdell ^1,* and Tanja S. Zabka ²
1 Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA, National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29414; E-mail: john.ramsdell@noaa.gov.
2 The Marine Mammal Center, 1065 Fort Cronkhite, Marin Headlands, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; Email: tszabka@yahoo.com
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 February 2008; in revised form: 26 May 2008 / Accepted: 29 May 2008 / Published: 6 June 2008
Review: In Utero Domoic Acid Toxicity: A Fetal Basis to Adult Disease in the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 262-290 (PDF format 7650K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080013
  

Jonathan R. Deeds ^1,*, Jan H. Landsberg ^2,*, Stacey M. Etheridge ¹, Grant C. Pitcher ³ and Sara Watt Longan ⁴
1 US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland, 20723, USA
2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33712, USA
3 Marine and Coastal Management, Cape Town, South Africa
4 State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage, AK, USA
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +1-301-436-1474; Fax: +1-301-436-2624; E-mail: jonathan.deeds@fda.hhs.gov (J.R. Deeds); or Tel.: +1-727-896-8626; Fax: +1-727-823-0166; E-mail: jan.landsberg@myfwc.com (J.H. Landsberg).
Received: 14 March 2008; in revised form: 3 June 2008 / Accepted: 3 June 2008 / Published: 10 June 2008
Review: Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 308-348 (PDF format 1136K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080015


Da-Zhi Wang
State Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science / Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
Tel.: +86-592-2186016; Fax: +86-592-2180655; E-mail: dzwang@xmu.edu.cn
Received: 9 March 2008; in revised form: 14 May 2008 / Accepted: 14 May 2008 / Published: 11 June 2008
Review: Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 349-371 (PDF format 1136K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080016

Alejandro M. S. Mayer ^1,*, Marcio Guzman ², Renee Peksa ³, Mary Hall ⁴, Michael J. Fay ⁵, Peer B. Jacobson ⁶, Anne M. Romanic ⁷ and Sarath P. Gunasekera ⁸
1 Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA
2 Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA; E-mail: Marcio.Guzman@mwumail.midwestern.edu
3 Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA; E-mail: Renee.Peksa@mwumail.midwestern.edu
4 Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA; E-mail: mhallx@midwestern.edu
5 Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA; E-mail: mfayxx@midwestern.edu
6 Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA; E-mail: peer.b.jacobson@abbott.com
7 GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA; E-mail: arnolda5@wyeth.com
8 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Division of Biomedical Marine Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; E-mail: sgunaseker@HBOI.edu
* Author to whom the correspondence should be addressed; Tel. 630 515 6951; Fax 630 515 6295. Email: amayer@midwestern.edu.
Received: 24 August 2007 / Accepted: 20 September 2007 / Published: 24 September 2007
Full Original Paper: Differential Effects of Domoic Acid and E. coli Lipopolysaccharide on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Release by Rat Neonatal Microglia: Evaluation of the Direct Activation Hypothesis
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 113-135 (PDF format 749 K)
 

Yung Sung Cheng ^1,*, Yue Zhou ¹, C. Mitch Irvin ¹, Barbara Kirkpatrick ² and Lorraine C. Backer ³
1 Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87111, USA; E-mails: yzhou@LRRI.org (for Yue Zhou); cirvin@LRRI.org (C. Mitch Irvin)
2 Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA; E-mail: bkirkpat@mote.org
3 National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341,USA; E-mail: lfb9@cdc.gov
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: ycheng@LRRI.org; Tel. +1 505-348-9410; Fax +1 505-348-8567
Received: 22 September 2007 / Accepted: 10 October 2007 / Published: 12 October 2007
Full Original Paper: Characterization of Aerosols Containing Microcystin
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 136-150 (PDF format 99 K)
 

Zouher Amzil ^1,*, Manoella Sibat ¹, Florence Royer ¹, Nadine Masson ² and Eric Abadie ³

1 IFREMER, Microbiology and Phycotoxins Department, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France; E-mails: Manoella.Sibat@ifremer.fr, Florence.Royer@ifremer.fr

2 IFREMER, station d’Arcachon, Quai du Cdt Silhouette, 33120, Arcachon, France; E-mail: Nadine.Masson@ifremer.fr,

3 IFREMER, station de Sète, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203, Sète, France; E-mail: Eric.Abadie@ifremer.fr

* Corresponding author: E-mail: Zouher.Amzil@ifremer.fr; Phone: (33) 2-40-37-40-69; Fax: (33) 2-40-37-40-73

Received: 16 October 2007 / Accepted: 21 November 2007 / Published: 23 November 2007
Full Research Paper: Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 168-179 (PDF format 136 K)


Sandra Anne Banack ^1,2, Holly E. Johnson ¹, Ran Cheng ¹ and Paul Alan Cox ^1,*
1 Institute for Ethnomedicine, Box 3464, Jackson Hole, Wyoming 83001, USA; E-mails: sbanack@fullerton.edu (Sandra Anne Banack); holly@ethnomedicine.org (Holly E. Johnson);
ladianaus@hotmail.com (Ran Cheng)
2 Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: paul@ethnomedicine.org
Received: November 17, 2007 / Accepted: 4 December 2007 / Published: 6 December 2007
Full Original Paper: Production of the Neurotoxin BMAA by a Marine Cyanobacterium
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 180-196 (PDF format 373 K)

Lora E. Fleming ^1,*, Eva Jerez ², Wendy Blair Stephan ², Amy Cassedy ³, Judy A Bean ³, Andrew Reich ⁴, Barbara Kirkpatrick ⁵, Lorraine Backer ⁶, Kate Nierenberg ⁵, Sharon Watkins ⁴, Julie Hollenbeck ¹ and Richard Weisman ²
1 NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
2 South Florida Poison Information Center, Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, and Jackson Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136 USA
3 Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA
4 Aquatic Toxins Group, Environmental Epidemiology, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1712 USA
5 Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA
6 National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: lfleming@med.miami.edu; mailing address: Departments of Epidemiology & Public Health and Marine Biology & Fisheries (MBF)
University of Miami School of Medicine and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS), Clinical Research Building (CRB), 10th Floor (R 669), 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Tel: +1 305 243 5912' Fax: +1 305 243 3384
Received: 30 October 2007 / Accepted: 12 December 2007 / Published: 14 December 2007
Full Original Paper: Evaluation of Harmful Algal Bloom Outreach Activities
Mar. Drugs 2007, 5, 208-219 (PDF format 190 K)

 

Santokh S. Gill ^1,*, Yangxun Hou ¹, Talat Ghane ² and Olga M. Pulido ¹
1 Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Foods Branch, Banting Research Center, P.L. 2202D2, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0L2
2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran 14174, P.O. Box: 14155/6451
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 613-952-8555; E-mail: Santokh_Gill@hc-sc.gc.ca
E-mails: Santokh_Gill@hc-sc.gc.ca (S. G.); Yangxun_Hou@hc-sc.gc.ca (Y. H.); Olga_Pulido@hcsc.gc.ca (O. P.)
Received: 28 November 2007; in revised form: 23 January 2008 / Accepted: 9 February 2008 / Published: 15 February 2008

Full Research Paper: Regional Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Primary Astrocyte Cells Cultured from the Brain Stem and Hippocampus

Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 25-38 (PDF format 3180K)

Kathi A. Lefebvre ^1,*, Brian D. Bill ¹, Aleta Erickson ², Keri A. Baugh ¹, Lohna O’Rourke ², Pedro R. Costa ³, Shelly Nance ¹ and Vera L. Trainer ¹
1 NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Marine Biotoxins Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA; E-mails: Kathi.Lefebvre@noaa.gov; Brian.D.Bill@noaa.gov; Keri.Baugh@noaa.gov; Shelly.Nance@noaa.gov; Vera.L.Trainer@noaa.gov
2 Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, 1033 Old Blyn Highway, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA; E-mails: aerickson@jamestowntribe.org; lorourke@jamestowntribe.org
3 IPIMAR, National Institute for Agronomy and Fisheries Research, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; E-mail: Pedro.Costa@noaa.gov
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: Kathi.Lefebvre@noaa.gov; Tel.: +1-206-302-2454; Fax: +1-206-860-3335
Received: 6 February 2008; in revised form: 16 April 2008 / Accepted: 18 April 2008 / Published: 14 May 2008
Article: Characterization of Intracellular and Extracellular Saxitoxin Levels in Both Field and Cultured Alexandrium spp. Samples from Sequim Bay, Washington
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 103-116 (PDF format 1089K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080006

Roberto Perez ^1,†, Li Liu ¹, Jose Lopez ², Tianying An ¹ and Kathleen S. Rein ^1,*
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
2 Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach FL 33004, USA
E-mails: rperez@med.miami.edu (R. P.) lliu004@fiu.edu (L. L.); tianying@fiu.edu (T. A.); joslo@nova.edu (J. L.); reink@fiu.edu (K. R.)
† Current Address: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: reink@fiu.edu; Tel.: +1-305-348-6682; FAX: +1-305-348-3772.
Received: 29 February 2008; in revised form: 9 May 2008 / Accepted: 13 May 2008 / Published: 22 May 2008
Article: Diverse Bacterial PKS Sequences Derived From Okadaic Acid-Producing Dinoflagellates
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 164-179 (PDF format 1136K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080009

Catherine J. Walsh ^1,*, Stephanie R. Leggett ¹, Kathryn Strohbehn ¹, Richard H. Pierce ² and John W. Sleasman  ³
1 Marine Immunology Program, Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
2 Chemical Fate and Effects Program, Center for Ecotoxicology, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
3 Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +1-941-388-4441x302; Fax: +1-941-388-4312; E-mail: cjwalsh@mote.org
Received: 3 January 2008; in revised form: 27 May 2008 / Accepted: 4 June 2008 / Published: 10 June 2008
Article: Effects of in vitro Brevetoxin Exposure on Apoptosis and Cellular Metabolism in a Leukemic T Cell Line (Jurkat)
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 291-307 (PDF format 293K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080014

Lorraine C. Backer ^1,*, Wayne Carmichael ², Barbara Kirkpatrick ³, Christopher Williams ⁴, Mitch Irvin ⁵, Yue Zhou ⁵, Trisha B. Johnson ^6,7, Kate Nierenberg ³, Vincent R. Hill ⁶, Stephanie M. Kieszak ¹ and Yung-Sung Cheng ⁵
1 National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435. Current address: 42184 Tweedle Lane, Seaside, Oregon 97138, USA
3 Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34236, USA
4 Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zaegler Drive, Pakatka, Florida 32177, USA
5 Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, P.O. Box 5890, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87285, USA
6 National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
7 Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: lbacker@cdc.gov; Tel: +1-770-488-3426; Fax: +1-770-488-3450.
Received: 6 February 2008; in revised form: 5 June 2008 / Accepted: 19 June 2008 / Published: 26 June 2008
Article: Recreational Exposure to Low Concentrations of Microcystins During an Algal Bloom in a Small Lake
Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 389-406 (PDF format 247K); DOI: 10.3390/md20080018

Type: Article